Poultrymed | Infectious Diseases 2025

Sweden: Retail egg recalls for salmonella

02.09.2025

On 27 August 2025, Sweden’s National Food Agency (Livsmedelsverket) announced precautionary recalls of specific retail egg products following the detection of Salmonella in the laying-barn environment of a producer. The recalls apply to Axfood’s Garant brand, ICA private-label packs, and Lidl Sweden products. Kronägg AB, the packing company associated with the recalled lots, simultaneously initiated its own recall of multiple pack sizes carrying the same egg stamp and packer code. According to Kronägg, the Salmonella was identified in the hen house environment during routine monitoring.

New Zealand vaccinates endangered birds against HPAI

02.09.2025

New Zealand has carried out a world-first vaccination program to protect its most endangered native bird species from avian influenza. The Department of Conservation trialed the Poulvac Flufend RG vaccine, an inactivated H5N3 vaccine, in kākāpō, takahē, kakī (black stilt), tūturuatu (shore plover), and kākāriki. Most species developed strong and lasting antibody responses, although kakī showed weaker protection, suggesting adjustments may be required.

HPAI spread driven by poultry farm density and proximity

30.08.2025

The article published in Communications Biology (Guinat et al., 2025) examines the dynamics of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N8 spread in southwestern France during 2020–2021, using phylogeographic and phylodynamic tools to analyze viral genetic sequences from numerous outbreaks. The study focuses on a region with exceptionally high poultry farm density, particularly duck farms, which acted as the main driver of viral dissemination. The analysis showed that a single introduction of the virus into the area resulted in extensive spread, with an average velocity of 10.5 km per week and a peak of 27.8 km per week in December 2020.

USA: Salmonella outbreak linked to eggs

29.08.2025

Federal health authorities are investigating a multistate outbreak of Salmonella Enteritidis infections traced to eggs distributed by Country Eggs, LLC, leading to a nationwide product recall. As of August 27, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) confirmed 95 cases across 14 states. Eighteen patients required hospitalization, though no fatalities have been reported. Illnesses occurred between January 7 and July 26, 2025. Epidemiological investigations indicate eggs as the likely source. Whole genome sequencing performed through the CDC’s PulseNet network confirmed that patient isolates were genetically related, suggesting a common food source.

Rapid tests for on-site detection of HPAI H5 in poultry

28.08.2025

Microbiology Spectrum | 2025

A new study evaluated commercially available rapid antigen tests (lateral flow immunoassays, LFIAs) for their suitability as on-site pre-screening tools for detecting highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV), particularly H5, in poultry. The aim was not to replace PCR but to provide supportive diagnostic capacity in outbreak situations. Five tests were initially reviewed; three (Clungene, Biopanda, Anigen) showed the best analytical sensitivity and inclusivity across all hemagglutinin subtypes (H1–H16).

H5N1 HPAI Vaccination: The Mexican Experience, 2022–2024

28.08.2025

Vaccine | 2025

A recent study assessed the efficacy of vaccination against highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 in Mexican poultry during emergency campaigns. Vaccines produced through reverse genetics, particularly those derived from H5N8 and H5N1 subtypes, elicited stronger immune responses, reflected by higher seroconversion and seroprotection rates, compared with conventional inactivated H5N2 vaccines. The results demonstrated that a single dose of reverse-genetics vaccines could induce a favorable immune response, with variability depending on bird type and vaccination period.

The Universal Ostrich Farms H5N1 outbreak

24.08.2025

In late December 2024, Universal Ostrich Farms in Edgewood, British Columbia, Canada, experienced an outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1) among its ostriches. Within approximately 36 days, 69 ostriches died, representing about 15% of the flock. Two of the deceased birds tested positive for the virus. In response, the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) implemented its long-standing “stamping-out” policy, a standard practice aligned with the guidelines of the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH). This policy mandates the culling of all birds on infected or exposed premises, accompanied by thorough environmental decontamination. Despite the absence of further ostrich mortalities since January, the CFIA issued an order to cull approximately 400 remaining ostriches in order to prevent the virus from persisting or undergoing mutation within the flock. Universal Ostrich Farms filed applications for judicial review. On May 13, 2025, the Federal Court dismissed these

Prevalence of Campylobacter in Foods: A systematic review and meta-analysis

16.08.2025

Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition | 2025

The systematic review and meta-analysis conducted by Mwangi et al. explores the prevalence of Campylobacter spp., a leading cause of foodborne illnesses worldwide, across various food products and food chains. The study consolidates findings from multiple research sources to identify key food items implicated in campylobacteriosis and to emphasize the importance of effective control measures. The review highlights that poultry products are the most significant source of Campylobacter contamination, with a pooled prevalence exceeding 50%.

Poland: Additional outbreaks of Newcastle Disease in poultry

10.08.2025

The Chief Veterinary Officer has announced the detection of the 45th outbreak of Newcastle disease (ND) in poultry in the Republic of Poland in 2025, based on the results of laboratory tests conducted by the National Veterinary Institute - National Research Institute (PIWet–PIB) in Puławy. Outbreak no. 45/2025 was confirmed on 4 August this year, following laboratory testing of samples collected from turkeys on a commercial farm housing 78,040 slaughter turkeys in the village of Pełki, Bieżuń Commune, Żuromin County, Masovian Voivodeship.

The complexity of H5N1 transmission in dairy farms

03.08.2025

A recent bioRxiv preprint (not yet peer reviewed) examines the transmission dynamics of HPAI H5N1 on 14 dairy farms in California. Traditionally linked to poultry, the virus’s detection in cattle highlights concerns about novel transmission routes and zoonotic risk. Environmental sampling revealed: Airborne spread: H5N1 RNA and infectious virus were found in aerosols within milking parlors and in cows’ exhaled breath during milking. Waterborne contamination: Viral RNA was detected in wastewater, suggesting runoff may aid environmental persistence. Subclinical intramammary infections: Milk samples showed widespread infection without overt mastitis, with heterogeneous distribution across udder quarters over time.

South Africa: new outbreaks of avian influenza

02.08.2025

The Western Cape Department of Agriculture has reported new outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). Recent cases have been confirmed in chickens in the North West and Mpumalanga provinces, while a poultry outbreak in the Western Cape was identified in early July among farmed ducks near Paarl.

Salmonella serovar surveillance in Poland’s food chain (2016–2020)

02.08.2025

A recent study published in Pathogens provides a comprehensive update on Salmonella serovar distribution across Poland’s food chain between 2016 and 2020. A total of 7104 isolates were serotyped, revealing 175 distinct serovars. Dominant Serovars: S. Enteritidis (40.9%), S. Infantis (16.4%), and S. Typhimurium (5.1%) together accounted for over 60% of all isolates across the food chain.

Netherlands: Increase in Salmonella cases in humans and link to egg-laying sector

01.08.2025

Eurosurveillance | Vol. 30, Issue 30, 31/Jul/2025

A new report published in Eurosurveillance presents an analysis of the recent surge in Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) infections in humans and laying hen flocks in the Netherlands between June 2023 and June 2025. The rise in cases is significant compared to pre-2023 levels and appears to be linked to widespread transmission within the poultry sector, particularly associated with contaminated eggshells used as a calcium source in poultry feed. The article details epidemiological and genomic surveillance data on SE infections in humans, revealing a marked increase beginning in mid-2023. Human cases rose from an annual average of approximately 281 (2017–2019) to over 400 in 2023, with elevated levels persisting thereafter. Concurrently, a substantial rise in SE-positive laying hen flocks was observed, increasing from an annual average of 30 (2018–2022) to over 70 in both 2023 and 2024.

UK taskforce report summary on HPAI vaccination

26.07.2025

In response to recurring outbreaks of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI), particularly H5N1, the UK established a Joint Industry and Government Taskforce to evaluate vaccination as a control tool. While current UK policy prohibits poultry vaccination, except for zoo birds in England and Northern Ireland, global interest in this approach is increasing. The taskforce, led by Defra and involving stakeholders from government, industry, and regulatory bodies, assessed the legal, regulatory, scientific, and economic aspects of vaccination. Although several vaccines are authorised in the UK, none fully address national needs across all poultry species and production systems. European field trials demonstrated partial efficacy in reducing disease signs and virus shedding, especially when vaccines are combined. However, vaccines do not prevent infection entirely and may trigger trade restrictions unless aligned with WOAH and EU DIVA standards.

MDR Salmonella strains are spreading in poultry

25.07.2025

Scientific Reports | 22 July 2025

A recent study published in Scientific Reports highlights the growing threat of antibiotic-resistant Salmonella in poultry products. Researchers analyzed isolates collected between 2020 and 2024 and identified strains carrying the blaCTX-M-65 gene, which confers resistance to important antibiotics.

Risk factors for HPAI outbreaks in Japan, 2022–2023

24.07.2025

A study published in Scientific Reports analyzed 69 infected (case) farms and 361 nearby uninfected (control) farms, focusing on layer and broiler production types. The study exclusively examined two main production systems: layer farms, which raise egg-laying chickens, and broiler farms. Other types of poultry and avian farms were excluded from the analysis. Japan experienced a notable surge in highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) cases during the 2022–2023 season, affecting numerous farms across various poultry production systems. The study aimed to investigate the interconnected risk factors associated with HPAI outbreaks on Japanese chicken farms during this period.

California State Vet calls for avian influenza cattle vaccine

17.07.2025

Dr. Annette Jones, the State Veterinarian of California, called on the federal government to approve vaccination against the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus in dairy cattle. She made her remarks during a hearing of the House Agriculture Subcommittee, which focused on the activities of the National Animal Health Laboratory Network. According to Dr. Jones, vaccination of dairy cattle should be prioritized even before poultry vaccination, expressing confidence in the USDA’s ability to implement a targeted vaccination policy without compromising trade, as it has managed to do despite widespread infection among dairy herds.

New Zealand: Campylobacter outbreak needs strong response

17.07.2025

In Aotearoa New Zealand (NZ), contaminated fresh chicken meat is the largest single source of human Campylobacter infection and remains the most significant foodborne disease threat. Contaminated fresh chicken is estimated to cause 77% of infections. A strong regulatory response in 2007 halved disease rates within three months. However, over the subsequent 17 years, incidence rates appear to have increased by nearly 70%, based on hospitalisation data.

Salmonella control in French laying hens: Key detection factors (2013–2021)

17.07.2025

Zoonoses and Public Health, 2025

A new study published in Zoonoses and Public Health presents the first comprehensive analysis of the outcomes of France’s National Control Programme (NCP) for Salmonella in laying hen flocks, following the implementation of EU-harmonized regulations in 2013. Covering 108,718 sampling events conducted in 4,744 poultry houses between 2013 and 2021, the study aimed to identify risk factors associated with the detection of target Salmonella serovars (STS), including S. Enteritidis, S. Typhimurium, its monophasic variants, and S. Kentucky.

Broiler breast muscle myopathies: Pathogenesis, prevalence, and control strategies

16.07.2025

Avian Pathol . 2025 Jul 14:1-57.

Broiler poultry production has undergone substantial advancements designed to enhance growth rates and breast muscle yield in response to rising global consumer demand. However, these genetic and management improvements have been accompanied by the emergence of various breast muscle myopathies, most notably white striping (WS), woody breast (WB), and spaghetti meat (SM). These conditions negatively impact meat quality, texture, appearance, and processing performance, thereby causing economic losses and reducing consumer acceptance. A comprehensive review published in Avian Pathology provides an updated overview of the current knowledge concerning breast muscle myopathies in broiler chickens, with particular emphasis on WS, WB, and SM. The review begins with representative images depicting the phenotypic characteristics and classification criteria of affected muscles, illustrating the range of lesion severity.

Impact of H5N1 infection on dairy cows

16.07.2025

Nature Communications | 2025

The article titled "The impact of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus infection on dairy cows" published in Nature Communications, presents a comprehensive study on the effects of HPAI H5N1 virus infection in dairy cattle. While historically known for causing high mortality in poultry, recent outbreaks have shown the virus's capacity to infect mammals, including dairy cows. This study investigates a significant outbreak on a large dairy farm in Ohio, examining clinical outcomes, production parameters, risk factors, seroprevalence, and the economic impact on the affected herd. The H5N1 outbreak occurred in a 3,876-head dairy farm in Ohio in spring 2024, following the introduction of cows from Texas.

Mixing inactivated oil-emulsion vaccines: Assessing feasibility and safety

16.07.2025

The Journal of Applied Poultry Research | 2025

Intensive poultry production requires frequent vaccination with various inactivated vaccines, primarily administered by injection. This practice presents operational challenges, including increased labor costs, handling stress for birds, and biosecurity risks. Traditional approaches, such as the production of multivalent vaccines or simultaneous administration at different injection sites, are constrained by technical complexity. While mixed inactivated vaccines have been evaluated in other livestock species, no prior studies have addressed their combined use in poultry.

A(H5N1) spread in North America driven by reassortant lineage turnover

11.07.2025

Sci. Adv. 11 | 9 July 2025

A study published in Science Advances provides a comprehensive phylogenetic and phylogeographic analysis of the North American outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1), which was introduced in late 2021. By sequencing 2,955 viral genomes and integrating previously published data, the researchers reached the following main conclusions: -The A(H5N1) outbreak resulted from multiple introductions and rapid diversification, with successive lineage replacements driven by reassortment events that enhanced viral fitness.

Economic impact of 2022–23 HPAI outbreaks on Japanese poultry farms

10.07.2025

A study published in The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science examines the economic impact of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) outbreaks on poultry farms in Japan during the 2022–2023 season. The study estimates the direct economic losses incurred by farms, as well as the financial burden borne by the national and prefectural governments due to compensation payments. Between October 2022 and April 2023, HPAI outbreaks in Japan led to the culling of approximately 17.7 million birds.

Investigation update: Salmonella outbreak, eggs, June 2025

10.07.2025

Epidemiologic, laboratory, and traceback data showed that eggs distributed by August Egg Company were contaminated with Salmonella Enteritidis and made people sick. A total of 134 people infected with the outbreak strain of Salmonella were reported from 10 states. Of the 112 people with information available, 38 were hospitalized. One death was reported from California. FDA conducted an inspection at cage-free laying houses used by August Egg Company and collected samples for testing.

Vertical and postnatal transmission of bovine H5N1 in pregnancy

08.07.2025

bioRxiv preprint | posted July 7, 2025

A new study demonstrates that infection with bovine H5N1 in pregnant mice results in distinct tissue tropism and enables vertical transmission of the virus, both in utero and postpartum. Specifically, infection during the second trimester (corresponding to embryonic day 10 in mice) led to detectable viral presence in the uterus, placenta, and fetus, indicating in utero transmission. When infection occurred later in pregnancy (third trimester equivalent), the offspring were born smaller and exhibited neurodevelopmental delays. In these cases, the virus was detected in milk and neonatal lung tissues, suggesting postnatal transmission via lactation.

Avian Influenza: EU grants €14M to Polish farmers

08.07.2025

Between 9 August 2021 and 3 August 2023, Poland confirmed and reported 193 outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) of the H5 subtype. The affected species included chickens, laying hens, turkeys, ducks, and geese. In response to a formal request from Poland, and following a detailed assessment, the European Commission approved the allocation of €14M from the agricultural reserve to co-finance 50% of the costs incurred by Poland in supporting affected farmers.

How the H5N1 virus invades the mammary glands of dairy cattle

06.07.2025

National Science Review | 01 July 2025

A newly published study in National Science Review by researchers from the Harbin Veterinary Research Institute, China, provides critical insights into the infection mechanism of the H5N1 avian influenza virus in dairy cattle and potential strategies for disease prevention. The study demonstrates that H5N1 infects the mammary glands of dairy cows not through conventional respiratory transmission, but via a unique “mouth-to-teat” route. This mode of transmission occurs when calves or cows suckle from others or from themselves, a behavior commonly observed in dairy herds. The researchers found that oral tissues, udders, and mammary glands express receptors compatible with avian influenza virus, facilitating viral entry and replication.

Risk of H5N1 B3.13, currently circulating in the US

04.07.2025

A recent EFSA scientific assessment reviews the emergence and spread of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 genotype B3.13, focusing on its outbreak in U.S. dairy cattle and evaluating the potential risk of introduction into the European Union (EU). Between March 2024 and May 2025, the virus affected 981 dairy farms across 16 U.S. states, with most cases reported in California. The rapid spread was likely driven by cattle movements, shared equipment, and contact with wild and domestic animals. Infected cattle showed mostly mild symptoms, including decreased milk production, fever, and digestive issues, with low morbidity and mortality.

HPAI H5N1 outbreak in South Africa

02.07.2025

South Africa has confirmed new cases of highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1) on two poultry farms in Tswaing (North West Province) and one in Mkhondo (Mpumalanga Province). These represent the first confirmed detections of H5N1 in the country since the severe outbreak of September 2023, which caused widespread disruption to the poultry sector.

Recall of Scotch Eggs due to Salmonella contamination

02.07.2025

The United Kingdom Food Standards Agency (FSA) has announced a product recall for Wall’s The Classic Scotch Egg (113g) and Wall’s 2 Classic Scotch Eggs (226g), manufactured by The Compleat Food Group, due to concerns over Salmonella contamination. According to the FSA, these products have been voluntarily withdrawn by the producer following the detection of the pathogen, which poses a risk of foodborne illness if consumed. Scotch eggs are a traditional British delicacy consisting of a soft- or hard-boiled egg wrapped in seasoned sausage meat, coated in breadcrumbs, and typically deep-fried or baked until crisp and golden.

South Africa: First-Ever poultry HPAI vaccination campaign

02.07.2025

South Africa has launched its first-ever poultry vaccination campaign, a move expected to play a key role in reducing the risk of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreaks. The vaccination drive follows the Department of Agriculture’s recent approval of a permit issued to Astral Foods Limited, South Africa’s leading poultry producer.

Austrian salmonella outbreak tied to poultry

27.06.2025

Since December 2024, 35 people in Austria have fallen ill with a specific strain of salmonella. The Ministry of Health has commissioned AGES to investigate this food-borne outbreak. Since December 2024, 35 people in six federal states (Lower Austria, Upper Austria, Salzburg, Styria, Tyrol, Vienna) in Austria have fallen ill with a certain strain of salmonella. 10 people had to be hospitalized. The Ministry of Health has commissioned AGES to investigate this food-borne outbreak.

UK: Salmonella reaches highest level in a decade

27.06.2025

New figures released by the UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) indicate a 17.1% increase in salmonella and campylobacter infections across England between 2023 and 2024. These infections are typically acquired through the consumption of contaminated food, including poultry, meat, eggs, raw fruits and vegetables, and unpasteurized milk or cheese. The data reveal that campylobacter cases have reached their highest level in a decade, increasing by 17.1%, from 60,055 cases in 2023 to 70,352 in 2024, equating to 121.9 reports per 100,000 population. Individuals aged 50 to 79 accounted for 44% of all reported cases.

Global spread of ionophore resistance genes highlights AMR risk

27.06.2025

A recent study published in mSphere reveals that the narA and narB genes, responsible for resistance to the polyether ionophores narasin, salinomycin, and maduramicin, are globally distributed and found in a broad range of bacterial species from various hosts, including humans. These genes, which form the narAB operon, were identified in over 2,400 isolates from 51 countries across multiple continents, underscoring their widespread presence. Originally used in animal production to control coccidiosis and promote growth, ionophores are not employed in human medicine.

Histopathology and in ovo response to IBD

27.06.2025

Animals 2025, 15, 1722

A study published in Animals investigates the effects of various in-ovo vaccination strategies against infectious bursal disease (IBD) on the immune response and histopathological status of broiler chickens. IBD, caused by a highly contagious virus, primarily affects young chickens by damaging the bursa of Fabricius, leading to immunosuppression and increased vulnerability to other diseases. To mitigate these impacts, different types of live vaccines - mild, intermediate, and hot - are employed, with their efficacy and immunosuppressive effects varying depending on the dosage and timing. In this study, four commercial flocks consisting of 120,000 chickens were used, with three groups receiving different IBD vaccines via in-ovo injection on day 18 of incubation, while one group served as unvaccinated controls. After hatching, all vaccinated groups were additionally vaccinated against Newcastle disease (ND) via spray.

USDA considers vaccination plan against HPAI in poultry

21.06.2025

Source: Reuters (Exclusive)

In an exclusive disclosure to Reuters, the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) confirmed that it is developing a potential plan to vaccinate poultry against highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) for the first time. This initiative comes amid mounting industry pressure, particularly from egg and turkey producers who have suffered devastating losses during the ongoing outbreak, which has led to the culling of nearly 175 million birds since 2022 - marking the worst animal health crisis in U.S. history. Professionally, the plan under consideration addresses both epidemiological control and trade implications. It includes evaluating the impact of vaccination on international poultry exports, a sensitive issue given concerns that vaccines may obscure viral circulation and trigger import bans from trading partners. Industry sources indicate the USDA aims to finalize a draft plan by July 2025, in consultation with state officials and trade partners.

Seroprevalence of influenza A in Polish cats during the 2023 H5N1 outbreak

20.06.2025

Viruses 2025, 17, 855

Domestic cats have traditionally been overlooked as potential hosts for influenza A viruses (IAVs). However, the global dissemination of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1, particularly clade 2.3.4.4b, has raised renewed concerns about cross-species transmission. This viral clade has been associated with numerous spillover events into mammalian hosts, including mink, sea lions, and dairy cattle, and has now been implicated in severe and fatal outbreaks among felids. Prior to 2023, feline H5N1 infections were considered sporadic and typically associated with direct contact with infected birds. However, recent cases in South Korea, France, and the United States, including outbreaks among shelter cats and pets exposed to infected cattle or contaminated food, have highlighted the potential for broader feline involvement.

Ongoing Salmonella entelitidis outbreak in France Linked to suspected egg consumption

20.06.2025

Médecine et Maladies Infectieuses Formation Volume 4, Issue 2, Suppl, June 2025

An ongoing outbreak of Salmonella Enteritidis in Île-de-France, France, first identified in November 2024, has resulted in 103 confirmed cases as of February 2025. Most cases (92%) are from the Île-de-France region, with a median age of 23. Among those interviewed, 58% required hospitalization, and four needed intensive care. Epidemiological investigations linked several cases to egg consumption, including contaminated mayonnaise in a restaurant.

British market reopens to vaccinated French ducks

09.06.2025

The United Kingdom has officially announced the resumption of imports of duck meat from France, including products derived from ducks vaccinated against highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), effective 22 May 2025. The British market had been closed to these exports since March 2024, following the implementation of France's mandatory HPAI vaccination program for ducks in October 2023. At that time, UK authorities raised concerns regarding the effectiveness of France’s post-vaccination surveillance and monitoring protocols. In response, the Directorate General for Food (DGAL) of the French Ministry of Agriculture and Food Sovereignty, in coordination with FranceAgriMer, the French Embassy in London, and representatives of the duck industry, undertook a comprehensive diplomatic and technical effort to address the UK’s concerns.

Brazil confirms new HPAI outbreak in backyard poultry

09.06.2025

On Saturday, June 7, the Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock confirmed the detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in a backyard flock in the municipality of Campinápolis, in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. According to the Ministry, this is the fourth outbreak of the disease detected in backyard poultry in the country. On Sunday, June 8, eradication measures and surveillance activities were initiated within a 10-kilometer radius of the outbreak. No commercial poultry establishments are located within the surveillance zone.

August egg company recalls eggs over health risk

07.06.2025

August Egg Company has announced a voluntary recall of approximately 20.4 million brown cage-free and brown certified organic eggs, equivalent to 1.7 million dozen. The affected eggs were processed at the company’s California facility and distributed to various grocery retailers across multiple states. The recall was initiated out of an abundance of caution due to the potential contamination with Salmonella, a pathogenic bacterium that can cause serious and sometimes fatal infections in young children, the elderly, and individuals with weakened immune systems.

South Africa begins mass poultry vaccination against HPAI

06.06.2025

The Minister of Agriculture, John Steenhuisen, has announced the initiation of South Africa’s first mass vaccination campaign against avian influenza in poultry, aimed at safeguarding the national flock from the ongoing threat of the disease. A designated vaccination team, comprising poultry veterinary specialists from the University of Pretoria in collaboration with the Agricultural Research Council, has received a prioritized list of poultry farms from industry stakeholders. The team is currently focusing on high-risk zones and commercial operations to contain viral transmission and reduce the need for further depopulation measures. As of early 2025, three vaccines targeting highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5 have been officially registered for use in South African poultry.

Brazil confirms bird flu case at Brasília Zoo

04.06.2025

The Brazilian government has confirmed a case of highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1) at the Brasília Zoo, following the discovery of two dead birds last week. The zoo was closed on May 28 after a dead pigeon and a dead duck were found on the premises, initially suspected of being infected. Laboratory analysis of samples from the birds confirmed the presence of the H5N1 virus. The detection of H5N1 at the zoo is of particular concern due to the facility’s role as a center that houses a diverse range of animal species of various ages, its relatively low level of biosecurity, and its exposure to a high volume of visitors.

Viremia in dairy cows naturally infected with influenza A, California

01.06.2025

EID Vol 31, No. - July 2025

A new study published in Emerging Infectious Diseases documents the detection of influenza A virus (IAV), specifically H5N1, in dairy cows affected during an outbreak in California. The study confirms the presence of viral RNA in various sample types, notably in serum, indicating that viremia occurs in naturally infected cows. Viremia is reported to be likely transient but significant, as it may facilitate systemic viral dissemination and contribute to transmission pathways, including through milk and other bodily fluids.

The HPAI continues to severely impact layer farms in the U.S.

30.05.2025

The avian influenza virus continues to inflict severe damage on layer farms in the United States. Although the number of reported outbreaks has declined, the associated economic losses remain substantial. Two commercial layer flocks in Maricopa, Arizona, have recently tested positive for the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus. One flock comprises 1,552,000 birds, and the other 2,258,100 birds, amounting to a total of 3,810,100 laying hens.

Protect ostriches from culling

30.05.2025

On January 10, 2025, the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) ordered the culling of the entire flock at Universal Ostrich after two deceased ostriches tested positive for H5N1. The farm has been legally challenging the agency’s decision throughout the spring. Earlier this month, the Federal Court ruled that the CFIA acted reasonably in ordering the cull. The farm’s owners filed an appeal this week. Dr. Oz, an American television physician currently overseeing Medicare under U.S. President Donald Trump’s administration, has offered to provide sanctuary for the 400 ostriches at his ranch in Florida.

Economic impact of aMPV on Iowa’s turkey industry

26.05.2025

Source: Iowa Turkey Federation

In 2024, Iowa experienced the loss of 260,800 turkeys due to highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). Additionally, the Iowa Turkey Federation (ITF) estimates that 56,700 turkey losses were attributable to avian metapneumovirus (aMPV). It is important to note that there is no financial compensation from the government for losses associated with aMPV. The 2024 losses attributed to aMPV alone resulted in an estimated income reduction exceeding $18 million for Iowa turkey producers. Furthermore, processing plant employees are experiencing reduced earnings due to temporary closures caused by the limited availability of turkeys for processing.

H5 Avian influenza: Evolution, spread, and impact

23.05.2025

A review article published in Nature Reviews Microbiology provides a comprehensive overview of the emergence, global dissemination, genetic diversification, and cross-species transmission of H5 highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses, particularly those belonging to the A/Goose/Guangdong/1/1996 (Gs/Gd) lineage. The article traces the origins of Gs/Gd H5N1 viruses to 1996 and details their evolution through mutation and reassortment with low pathogenic avian influenza viruses, resulting in the formation of multiple clades and subclades with increasing genetic and antigenic diversity.

Brazil avian flu triggers global trade restrictions

22.05.2025

Brazil is facing mounting economic and trade challenges after confirming its first outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1) on a commercial poultry farm in Montenegro, Rio Grande do Sul. The incident, confirmed on May 16, has prompted over 20 countries to impose full or partial bans on Brazilian poultry products, threatening the nation’s dominant position in global poultry exports. Widespread Trade Bans Countries around the world have moved swiftly to block imports in an effort to prevent the spread of bird flu.

Norway: Detection of H5N1 antibodies in sheep

21.05.2025

A sheep that grazed in an area with dead and sick pheasants during the large-scale avian influenza outbreak in Finnmark, Norway, in 2023 has been found to possess antibodies against the H5N1 virus. This finding suggests that sheep may become infected when exposed to high levels of environmental contamination with the virus. The detection was made as part of an ongoing research project at the Norwegian Veterinary Institute, which identified antibodies against avian influenza in the aforementioned sheep. This animal was one of several that had grazed in the affected area during the summer 2023 outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in Finnmark. It is highly likely that the infection occurred during the avian influenza outbreak among guinea fowl in the summer of 2023.

The economic impact of aMPV on the Minnesota turkey industry

21.05.2025

A new report analyzes the economic impact of avian metapneumovirus (aMPV) on the Minnesota turkey industry, one of the leading turkey-producing regions in the United States. The report examines how aMPV has led to significant flock-level losses—characterized by increased mortality and reduced production—which have, in turn, resulted in substantial economic consequences, including lost sales, diminished labor income, and decreased value added to the broader economy. According to the report, in 2024 alone, aMPV was responsible for an estimated $112 million in lost sales, $17 million in reduced labor income, and $31 million in decreased value added. Additionally, state tax revenues declined by nearly $8 million.

Avian influenza at Brazilian zoo

20.05.2025

The Brazilian Ministry of Agriculture and Livestock has confirmed the deaths of 38 swans and ducks at the Sapucaia do Sul Zoo, located in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, attributed to Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (H5N1). Following the reported mortalities on May 13, the Ministry of Environment and Infrastructure of Rio Grande do Sul has ordered the closure of the zoo to the public.

Brazil: First outbreak of avian influenza on a commercial farm

16.05.2025

Brazil has confirmed its first outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 on a commercial poultry farm. The incident occurred in Montenegro, located in the southern state of Rio Grande do Sul. As the world's largest exporter of poultry, Brazil's poultry industry holds significant importance on the global stage. While previous HPAI detections in wild birds did not impact the country's trade status, this outbreak on a commercial farm could lead to trade restrictions, depending on international responses.

Haemagglutinin dose and protection against HPAI A(H7N3) in birds

15.05.2025

Br Poult Sci . 2025 May 14:1-5

Although vaccination against avian influenza has been implemented in Mexico, outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) have continued to occur in poultry, leading to substantial economic losses. These persistent outbreaks raised concerns regarding the protective efficacy of existing vaccines and whether the administered antigen doses were optimal for effective virus control. A study published in British Poultry Science evaluated the haemagglutinin (HA) concentration required in inactivated vaccines to protect chickens against HPAI A(H7N3) virus and to reduce viral replication and shedding.

Vaccination and surveillance of HPAI in poultry: Current status and perspectives

14.05.2025

Biologicals 91 (2025)

The International Alliance for Biological Standardization (IABS), in collaboration with the World Organization for Animal Health (WOAH), convened a hybrid meeting on 22–23 October 2024 at the WOAH Headquarters in Paris, France, to examine the global status of vaccination and surveillance for highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in poultry. The primary objective of the meeting was to promote the acceptance of vaccination as a tool to mitigate virus transmission and reduce disease incidence. The meeting further sought to evaluate the current methodologies and effectiveness of HPAI surveillance programs in vaccinated poultry populations. The discussions yielded several key conclusions and recommendations critical to advancing the acceptance and implementation of vaccination strategies.

Two decades of avian influenza in cats: A systematic review

09.05.2025

A systematic review published in Open Forum Infectious Diseases examines the epidemiology and distribution of avian influenza virus (AIV) infections in felines over the past two decades, from 2004 to 2024. Given the susceptibility of cats to AIV and their potential role as hosts for viral adaptation and cross-species transmission to humans, understanding the scope and dynamics of these infections is critical for public health and animal health surveillance. The review identified a total of 607 AIV infections in felines, including 302 associated deaths, across 18 countries and 12 cat species. The majority of cases involved domestic cats, with a notable increase in reported infections occurring in 2023 and 2024, likely linked to the emergence of the H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b.

Efficacy of five H5N1 vaccines in fattening geese

07.05.2025

Vaccines 2025, 13, 399

A study published in Vaccines evaluates the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of five commercial vaccines against highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N1, clade 2.3.4.4b, in fattening geese. Given the increasing threat of HPAIV outbreaks in European poultry, particularly in free-range geese, the research aims to identify effective vaccination strategies to mitigate disease impact and reduce virus transmission. The study employed a prime-boost vaccination trial using five different vaccines, incorporating both novel technologies (subunit, vector, and RNA-based vaccines) and traditional whole inactivated virus (WIV) vaccines.

The Philippines confirms first case of H5N9 HPAI in ducks

07.05.2025

The Philippines has confirmed its first case of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) subtype H5N9, detected in ducks in Camaligan, Camarines Sur. The Bureau of Animal Industry (BAI) reported positive test results on April 30, 2025, following routine surveillance conducted by the Department of Agriculture's Regional Field Office V. This marks the first detection of the H5N9 strain in the Philippines. Previously, the country has encountered other avian influenza subtypes, including H5N1, H5N2, and H5N6.

CDC: a multistate outbreak of Salmonella Mbandaka infections

06.05.2025

Public health officials are investigating a multistate outbreak of Salmonella enterica serovar Mbandaka infections associated with contact with backyard poultry. Epidemiologic, traceback, and laboratory data indicate that contact with backyard poultry is contributing to human illness. As of April 24, 2025, a total of seven individuals infected with the outbreak strain of Salmonella Mbandaka have been reported from six U.S. states. Illness onset dates range from February 9 to March 24, 2025. The actual number of individuals affected is likely higher than the number of reported cases, and the outbreak may extend beyond the states with confirmed cases. This underreporting is attributable to the fact that many infected individuals recover without seeking medical care and are therefore not tested for Salmonella. Among the seven individuals with available animal contact data, five (71%) reported contact with backyard poultry prior to illness onset.

Mild disease and limited spread of bovine H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b in pigs

05.05.2025

Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b has recently emerged as a significant concern for animal and human health due to its ability to infect multiple mammalian species and its ongoing circulation in wild birds, cattle, and poultry. Since early 2024, this clade has been detected in dairy cows in the United States and has caused sporadic human infections. Given the pivotal role of pigs as “mixing vessels” capable of fostering reassortment and mammalian adaptation of avian influenza viruses (Pigs’ dual susceptibility to avian and human influenza A viruses stems from their respiratory epithelium expressing both α2,3-linked (avian-type) and α2,6-linked (human-type) sialic acid receptors. Consequently, pigs may serve as “mixing vessels” for influenza virus reassortment), the susceptibility and transmission dynamics of this virus in swine warrant critical investigation.

AAAP Key position statements on H5 HPAI

05.05.2025

The American Association of Avian Pathologists (AAAP) works to advance science-based knowledge, expertise, and education on poultry health, welfare, and food safety. To minimize the impact of H5 influenza on the health and welfare of poultry and to protect human health, there are several policy issues and gaps that the AAAP believes need to be immediately addressed by regulatory and industry partners.

Main points from the AAAP Fact Sheet on H5N1 vaccination

05.05.2025

The AAAP Board of Directors have approved of a fact sheet on H5N1, created by a group of AAAP experts consisting of Dr. Suzanne McComb, Dr. David Swayne, Dr. David Suarez, and Dr. Erica Spackman.

Limited susceptibility and transmission of H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b HPAI virus in pigeons

03.05.2025

bioRxiv | May 2, 2025.

Avian influenza viruses (AIVs), particularly highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) strains such as H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b, have caused significant outbreaks in wild and domestic bird populations worldwide, with occasional zoonotic spillover events. Columbiformes (pigeons and doves) frequently inhabit environments in close proximity to poultry farms and humans; however, their role in HPAIV epidemiology remains poorly defined. A study conducted by UK scientists investigated the susceptibility of domestic pigeons (Columba livia) to clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 HPAIV, focusing on infection dynamics, viral shedding, and the potential for transmission to naive pigeons and chickens.

Persistent mcr-1.1 E. coli in poultry despite Japan’s colistin ban

02.05.2025

Antibiotics (Basel) . 2025 Apr 1;14(4):360

Colistin is a polymyxin antibiotic used as a last-resort treatment for severe infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria such as Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Due to its importance in human medicine, colistin is classified by the WHO as a critically important antimicrobial. However, its widespread use in veterinary settings - particularly in livestock for disease prevention and growth promotion - has raised concerns about emerging resistance. Of particular concern is the plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene mcr-1, first reported in China in 2016, which facilitates horizontal transfer among bacterial populations, thereby threatening the efficacy of this essential antibiotic.

Characterization of H7N6 HPAI virus in South African poultry, 2023

01.05.2025

In 2023, South Africa reported the emergence of a high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI) H7N6 virus in poultry, marking the first documented H7 HPAI outbreak on the African continent. The virus caused significant mortality and economic losses, particularly in egg-laying and broiler breeder flocks, and subsequently spread to neighboring Mozambique. A study published in Transboundary and Emerging Diseases sequenced the complete genomes of 68 H7N6 isolates and traced their phylogenetic origin to a reassortment of influenza viruses circulating among southern African wild birds. Molecular clock analysis indicated that the virus emerged in early May 2023, initially affecting smallholder flocks before spreading to commercial farms in June.

First detection of bird flu in seals in Japan

25.04.2025

Carcasses of seals in Japan’s northernmost prefecture of Hokkaido have tested positive for highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). This marks the first detection of the avian influenza virus in seals in Japan.

Epidemiological parameters of human H5N1: Rapid review

24.04.2025

medRxiv preprint | April 17, 2025

A new study published in medRxiv reviewed and analyzed estimates for key epidemiological parameters of human H5N1 infection, including the reproduction number (R₀), serial interval, incubation period, latent and infectious periods, and severity metrics such as the case fatality risk (CFR) and infection fatality risk (IFR). The study also employed modelling to estimate the R₀ for the 2024–2025 U.S. dairy herd outbreak and calculated the serial interval using historical H5N1 transmission data from Indonesia.

Tamil Nadu (India) bans mayonnaise made from raw eggs for one year

24.04.2025

The Tamil Nadu government has imposed a one-year ban on the manufacture, storage, distribution, and sale of mayonnaise made with raw eggs, effective from April 8, 2025. This decision stems from significant public health concerns, particularly the risk of foodborne illnesses due to contamination by harmful bacteria such as Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella enteritidis and other pathogens. While the ban is a preventive measure, it's noteworthy that similar actions in other states have followed reported food poisoning incidents.

USDA halts proposed regulation on salmonella in raw poultry

24.04.2025

The U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Food Safety and Inspection Service (USDA-FSIS) has officially withdrawn its proposed regulatory framework aimed at reducing Salmonella contamination in raw poultry products. Initially introduced in August 2024, the framework sought to designate Salmonella as an adulterant in specific raw poultry categories based on defined thresholds and serotype presence, alongside the introduction of stricter testing and recordkeeping requirements.

Proposed U.S. poultry and egg industry vaccination plan for HPAI

23.04.2025

A working group comprising Drs. John Clifford, Craig Rowles, Travis Schaal, and David Swayne distributed a proposed vaccination plan, dated April 1, 2025, to address the ongoing outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) affecting the U.S. egg industry. The working group was convened by the United Egg Producers and the American Egg Board, representing U.S. egg producers.

Fatal H5N1 case in Mexico linked to D1.1 genotype

19.04.2025

The WHO reports that a 3-year-old girl from Durango State, infected with H5N1, developed illness on March 7 without any underlying health conditions. She was hospitalized six days later with respiratory failure, transferred to a tertiary care center, and died on April 8 from respiratory complications. PCR testing on April 1 confirmed H5N1 infection.

Poland: New measures to contain avian influenza

18.04.2025

According to a Reuters report, the European Commission has approved a series of measures proposed by Poland to contain the spread of bird flu. The measures will be implemented immediately. Poland has recorded 79 outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) in poultry in 2025, compared to a total of 50 outbreaks in all of 2024. In response, the European Commission had been considering the imposition of emergency measures on the country. The Commission has agreed to implement 13 measures proposed by Poland, including expanding the designated risk areas around outbreak sites, reducing the density of poultry houses, and introducing additional disinfection procedures.

Predicting HPAI epidemic impact on Southern Elephant Seals

17.04.2025

A study published in Marine Mammal Science examines the profound implications of a recent outbreak of the H5N1 avian influenza virus on the southern elephant seal (Mirounga leonina) colony at Península Valdés, Argentina. Over two decades, this population experienced a modest growth rate of 0.9%, culminating in approximately 18,000 reproductive females by 2022. However, the sudden onset of the H5N1 epidemic in 2023 led to alarming mortality rates among pups and adults, prompting an urgent need to model the potential long-term effects on population dynamics. Key findings indicate that while the loss of newborn pups had a relatively minor effect on the overall population due to their naturally high mortality rates, adult female mortality presented far more significant and immediate consequences.

Q226L mutation enables human receptor binding in H5 2.3.4.4e virus

16.04.2025

PNAS 2025 Vol. 122 No. 16

Influenza A viruses (IAVs), particularly H5Nx strains, pose significant threats to both avian and mammalian species, with occasional spillovers resulting in human infections. A crucial barrier to sustained human-to-human transmission of H5Nx viruses is their limited ability to efficiently bind human-type receptors, a function primarily governed by the hemagglutinin (HA) protein. New research published in PNAS investigates the potential of H5Nx viruses to adapt to human hosts by altering their receptor-binding properties, with a focus on the implications of the Q226L mutation within the HA protein. The study demonstrates that the Q226L mutation in the HA of the 2.3.4.4e strain of H5Nx influenza virus enables efficient binding to human-type receptors - a key requirement for viral transmission among humans. In contrast, the 2.3.4.4b strain requires additional mutations in its HA protein to achieve similar adaptation.

Evaluating a poultry-derived H5N1 vaccine for use in endangered California Condors

16.04.2025

EID Volume 31, Number 6 - June 2025

The study evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of a conditionally licensed H5N1 poultry vaccine in black vultures (Coragyps atratus) and critically endangered California condors (Gymnogyps californianus) in response to a 2023 outbreak of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) that killed over 21 condors. The goal was to determine whether a poultry-derived vaccine could be used as an emergency conservation tool to mitigate disease impact on threatened avian species. Two vaccination strategies were tested (single 1.0 mL vs. prime-boost 0.5 mL x2), and antibody responses were measured using ELISA and hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays. Black vultures served as a surrogate species prior to trials in condors.

The receptor-binding properties of H5N1 viruses isolated from cattle

16.04.2025

Nature | Vol 640 | 17 April 2025 |

A new study published in Nature presents compelling evidence that H5N1 viruses from bovine sources maintain a preferential binding to avian-type sialic acid receptors while demonstrating limited binding affinity for human-type receptors. Specifically, the authors characterize the receptor-binding properties of a clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 virus isolated from lactating dairy cattle. They emphasize that, while the virus displays weak interactions with α2,6-linked sialic acids - abundant in the upper respiratory tract of humans - this characteristic alone does not currently support efficient human-to-human transmission.

Geospatial drivers of global H5N1 spread

12.04.2025

GeoHealth | 2025

The global spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 has intensified in both scale and complexity, posing significant challenges to public health, the poultry industry, and wildlife conservation. A recent study published in GeoHealth presents a geospatial investigation into the dual forces driving HPAI H5N1 transmission: seasonal wild bird migrations and global poultry trade. By integrating epidemiological outbreak data, international trade records, and migratory flyway patterns from 2020 to 2023, the study offers a comprehensive perspective on the mechanisms facilitating the intercontinental spread of H5N1. It aims to resolve longstanding debates on whether natural or anthropogenic factors predominantly drive virus dissemination and to provide actionable insights for surveillance, containment, and policy formulation.

Poland faces poultry export ban over avian influenza

11.04.2025

Poultry exports from specific regions of Poland will be halted beginning April 23. The European Commission is considering a potential ban on the import of Polish poultry due to concerns over avian influenza. Since the beginning of the year, the disease has been detected in 78 locations across the country (as of April 11). While a nationwide embargo was initially considered, discussions have since shifted toward restricting imports from western Poland and parts of Mazovia (in central Poland), which together account for up to 40% of the country’s poultry production.

India: Highly pathogenic avian influenza

10.04.2025

Source: WHO South-East Asia Region Epidemiological Bulletin

Between 1 January and 4 April 2025, India has witnessed continued outbreaks of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) across both domestic poultry and non-poultry species. According to a press release published by the India Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, a total of 34 epicentres have been identified in domestic poultry across eight states. Of these, six epicentres remain active, spanning three states: Jharkhand (Bokaro and Pakur), Telangana (Ranga Reddy, Nalgonda, and Yadadri Bhuvanagiri), and Chhattisgarh (Baikunthpur and Korea).

Dead chickens found dumped in Polish forest

09.04.2025

Authorities have initiated a formal investigation following the discovery of over 700 dead chickens infected with avian influenza, found discarded in a forested area of northern Poland. The disturbing find was reported by forestry workers who initially encountered nearly 500 carcasses near the village of Napierki, located within the Warmia-Masuria Province. Subsequent searches uncovered an additional 230 deceased birds, tightly packed into bags and abandoned nearby. Preliminary laboratory analyses detected the presence of avian flu, a diagnosis later validated by the State Research Institute based in Puławy, in eastern Poland.

Rising rates of Campylobacter and Salmonella in England

08.04.2025

The UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) has published its first annual report summarizing trends in infectious diseases. The report provides an overview of infections of public health importance for the most recent years for which data is available, as well as the work being carried out by UKHSA and its partners to control their spread and mitigate their harmful impact.

Mexico: bird flu in a 3-year-old girl

05.04.2025

Health officials in Mexico report that a 3-year-old girl from the western state of Durango is in serious condition at a hospital in Torreón, located in the neighboring state of Coahuila. On April 1, the Institute of Epidemiological Diagnosis and Reference (InDRE) confirmed the result to Influenza A (H5N1).

Effect of inactivated vaccine on H9N2 transmission and evolution in chickens

05.04.2025

npj Vaccines | ( 2025) 10:67

H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) is a low-pathogenicity virus endemic in poultry populations across Asia, the Middle East, and parts of Africa, with sporadic detection in the Americas and Europe. Despite its relatively mild clinical presentation in chickens, H9N2 AIV has significant economic consequences due to decreased productivity and increased susceptibility to secondary infections. Moreover, the virus possesses zoonotic potential, with documented transmission to mammals, including humans. Its internal gene segments have contributed to the emergence of several human-infecting avian influenza viruses (e.g., H5N6, H7N9). A recent study published in Nature investigates the effects of inactivated H9N2 vaccines on viral replication, transmission, genetic evolution, and cross-species adaptation potential, using both in vivo transmission models and deep sequencing approaches. It also evaluates alternative vaccination strategies capable of inducing broader immune responses.

Sharp decline in bird flu cases reported in the US during March

02.04.2025

March saw a significant decline in bird flu cases across the US, with only four laying flocks (commercial table egg pullets and commercial table egg layers) reporting diagnoses, compared to 21 and 22 farms affected in February and January 2025, respectively. The number of birds involved also dropped considerably, with approximately 2 million laying birds affected in March, down from 11 million in February and 19 million in January.

First EU report on antimicrobial sales and use in animals

31.03.2025

The European Union (EU27), along with Iceland and Norway, has collected and reported data on both the sales and use of antimicrobials in animals within their territories. The report, European Sales and Use of Antimicrobials for Veterinary Medicine: Annual Surveillance Report 2023, provides a comprehensive analysis of antimicrobial consumption in veterinary medicine across Europe. The data cover the year 2023, marking the beginning of an ongoing annual reporting initiative.

Cats as sentinels of H5Nx exposure: A seroprevalence study, France (2023–2025)

29.03.2025

Eurosurveillance - Volume 30, Issue 12, 27/Mar/2025

Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) H5Nx, notably clade 2.3.4.4b, have been increasingly circulating among avian populations and have been detected in mammals, including domestic cats. Given their role in bridging domestic environments and wildlife, cats serve as potential sentinels for assessing exposure to HPAIV. A recent study aimed to evaluate the seroprevalence of these viruses among outdoor cats in France over a 14-month period, investigating risk factors such as geographic location and hunting behavior.

HPAI virus exposure in free-ranging bobcats in New York, USA

27.03.2025

Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 2025

In a recent study published in the Journal of Wildlife Diseases, researchers conducted an investigation into free-ranging bobcats (Lynx rufus) in New York, USA. The study revealed widespread exposure to avian influenza, documenting instances of bobcats both surviving and succumbing to the highly pathogenic H5N1 strain. The research involved the analysis of serum samples from 16 free-ranging bobcats captured in New York State, indicating that 9 (56%) of these individuals tested positive for antibodies to the Influenza A Virus (IAV), with 4 of those also exhibiting positive antibodies for the H5 and N1 subtypes. The study observed significant variations in the individual responses of bobcats to the virus, including cases in which some bobcats remained healthy despite exposure, while one bobcat (bobcat #11) succumbed to highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) infection.

Attribution of U.S. foodborne illnesses to commodities (1998–2008)

26.03.2025

Emerging Infectious Diseases. Vol. 19, No. 3, March 2013

Foodborne illnesses represent a significant public health challenge in the United States, with over 9 million cases attributed to major pathogens each year. Effective prevention of these illnesses is complicated by the limited ability to link specific food items to individual cases and illnesses. To address this challenge, a method was developed to attribute foodborne illnesses to various food commodities based on data from outbreaks occurring between 1998 and 2008. A new study aims to estimate the annual instances of foodborne illnesses, hospitalizations, and deaths associated with 17 distinct food commodities, thereby providing valuable insights for prioritizing food safety initiatives. Researchers identified that a significant 46% of foodborne illnesses were attributed to produce, with poultry accounting for the highest number of deaths.

H5N1 found in UK sheep

24.03.2025

The H5N1 strain of avian influenza has been identified in a sheep in the UK. This marks the first instance globally of this variant being found in a sheep. The Chief Veterinary Officer of the UK has confirmed a case of avian-origin influenza (H5N1) in a single sheep located in Yorkshire, following repeat positive tests on milk samples. The case was detected during routine surveillance of livestock on a premises where avian influenza had previously been confirmed in captive birds. The Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (Defra) has implemented livestock surveillance measures on infected premises in response to the outbreak of avian influenza in dairy cows in the US.

CDC: D1.3 genotype in H5N1 case in Ohio

21.03.2025

CDC has sequenced the virus from the most recent Ohio human case. Sequencing indicates this is a clade 2.3.4.4b virus of the D1.3 genotype. D1.3 viruses, like D1.1 viruses, originated from A3 genotype A(H5N1) viruses that were introduced to North America in 2022 and have subsequently reassorted with North American wild bird avian influenza viruses.

Campylobacter jejuni, human infections across the United States, 2013–2019

21.03.2025

International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 65 (2025) 107467

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) poses a significant global public health threat, particularly in foodborne pathogens such as Campylobacter jejuni, the leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis. Despite public health interventions aimed at controlling resistant strains, the prevalence of AMR among Campylobacter isolates continues to rise in the United States. Campylobacter infections are the most common foodborne illnesses in the U.S., affecting an estimated 1.5 million people annually. A new study analyzes publicly available AMR monitoring data from the National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS), focusing on trends and regional and demographic differences in resistance among domestically acquired C. jejuni infections from 2013 to 2019.

Major foodborne pathogens in the U.S., 2019

20.03.2025

Emerg Infect Dis. 2025 Apr

Foodborne illnesses represent a significant public health concern in the United States, affecting millions of individuals annually. Accurate estimates of the incidence, hospitalization, and mortality associated with foodborne pathogens are essential for informing public health policies and optimizing resource allocation. A recent paper published in Emerging Infectious Diseases provides updated estimates of the number of domestically acquired foodborne illnesses, hospitalizations, and deaths caused by seven major pathogens as of 2019, employing advanced models that adjust for underreporting and underdiagnosis.

Computational modeling of H5 Influenza variants vs. HA1 antibodies

20.03.2025

eBioMedicine 2025;114: 105632

The H5N1 influenza virus poses a significant threat to public health due to its potential to shift from an epidemic to a pandemic. Since its emergence in the 1990s, H5N1 has demonstrated a concerning capacity for zoonotic transmission to humans. A new study published in eBioMedicine leverages high-performance computational modeling to investigate mutations in the virus's haemagglutinin (HA) protein and their implications for human immunity and healthcare preparedness. This research provides a comprehensive analysis of mutational dynamics in H5N1 influenza, emphasizing the binding interactions between HA1-neutralizing antibodies and diverse viral isolates collected over several decades.

Elevated replication, pathogenicity, and immune evasion of Texas dairy cattle H5N1 vs. avian strain

18.03.2025

The emergence and persistence of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) viruses in terrestrial mammals, particularly dairy cattle, demand urgent attention from the scientific community and health authorities. Since the initial outbreak in March 2024, the H5N1 strain has rapidly spread across multiple U.S. states, leading to human infections primarily linked to exposure to infected cattle. A study published in Scientific Reports examines the growth properties, pathogenicity, and immune evasion mechanisms of a Texas cattle-derived H5N1 virus, comparing it to a historical avian isolate to assess the risks associated with this emerging virus.

U.S.: first outbreak of H7N9 bird flu on farm since 2017

17.03.2025

The United States has reported its first outbreak of H7N9 avian influenza on a poultry farm since 2017, as stated by the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH). The highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H7N9, which originates from the North American wild bird lineage, was detected in a commercial broiler breeder flock in Mississippi.

Immune history shapes antibody responses to H5N1

16.03.2025

Nature Medicine | 2025

A new paper published in Nature Medicine investigates how previous exposure to influenza viruses influences immune responses to H5N1, with a particular emphasis on immune imprinting. Historically, H5N1 viruses have been associated with a higher mortality rate in younger individuals compared to older individuals, possibly due to differences in immunological exposure. The authors analyzed H5N1 antibody responses in serum samples from 157 individuals born between 1927 and 2016. They examined the relationship between antibody levels, birth year, and age, with a specific focus on immunological imprinting. Antibody titers against H5N1 strains were higher in older individuals, suggesting that childhood exposure to earlier group 1 influenza viruses (H1N1 and H2N2) may enhance later immune responses to H5N1.

Belgium: Eggs recalled due to possible Salmonella contamination

13.03.2025

Approximately 70 cases of Salmonella infection have been reported in Belgium following an outbreak linked to table eggs. At the beginning of 2025, a rise in Salmonella cases was reported, prompting an epidemiological investigation. Tests confirmed that eggs were the source of the Salmonellosis outbreak. From the start of the year until February 17, 67 cases of Salmonella were diagnosed, with eggs identified as the common source of infection. The strain involved was Salmonella Enteritidis. No deaths have been reported.

Belgium: First case of bird flu in cats in Belgium

11.03.2025

On 18 February, highly pathogenic avian influenza was detected in a poultry farm in Sint-Gillis-Waas (East Flanders). Two outdoor cats of the poultry keeper were also infected with the virus, probably by eating contaminated eggs or drinking contaminated water. Both cats showed severe symptoms of the disease and were euthanized for this reason.

Netherlands: Transitioning from culling to vaccination against HPAI?

10.03.2025

A pilot program utilizing a vaccine against avian influenza is currently underway at a poultry farm. Following a positive test last year, this initiative is being conducted at a commercial poultry farm that exclusively produces eggs for the Dutch market. This step is essential due to the existing trade barriers related to vaccination. Last year, a field trial demonstrated the effectiveness of two avian influenza vaccines in practical applications. The key distinction of this pilot program is its implementation at a commercial facility, with the produced eggs intended for consumption.

Mammal-to-mammal transmission of HPAIV among marine mammals

06.03.2025

Nature Communications vol. 16: 2232 (2025)

A new study published in Nature Communications discusses a significant outbreak of H5N1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (HPAIV) clade 2.3.4.4b that emerged in Chile in December 2022. The outbreak caused substantial mortality among wild birds, poultry, and marine mammals and included one confirmed human case. A comprehensive surveillance effort was conducted, involving the collection of over 18,500 samples from 9,745 cases, with 7.33% testing positive for HPAIV H5N1. The HPAIV H5N1 virus exhibited rapid north-to-south dissemination along the Pacific coastline and was genetically linked to earlier outbreaks in Peru. Notably, key mutations, such as PB2 D701N, were identified in both marine mammals and the human case in Chile, suggesting potential adaptations for mammalian transmission.

Pathogenicity and transmission of bovine-derived HPAI H5N1 B3.13 in pigs

05.03.2025

bioRxiv | March 5, 2025

A new study published in bioRxiv examines the pathogenicity and transmissibility of the bovine-derived HPAI H5N1 B3.13 virus in pigs. The HPAI H5N1 virus has been detected in dairy cattle, with significant outbreaks across multiple U.S. states, leading to human infections primarily through direct contact with infected cattle. The study aimed to assess the ability of the B3.13 virus to infect pigs, which are known "mixing vessels" for influenza viruses. The virus was administered to pigs via oro-respiratory routes. The B3.13 virus replicated in the lower respiratory tracts of infected pigs, producing infectious virus but demonstrating limited viral shedding compared to other known strains, such as those adapted for mink or swine. Pathologic changes were primarily observed in the lungs, but the disease remained self-limiting. A mutation in hemagglutinin (HA) associated with mammalian adaptation was detected but did not reach significant levels.

HPAI outbreak data in the U.S. over the past three months

04.03.2025

The primary poultry involved are commercial table egg layers, primarily due to the size of their flocks. However, when considering outbreak hotspots, most are found in turkey flocks.

Biosensor for rapid detection of avian (H5N1) influenza

03.03.2025

ACS Sensors | 2025

A recent study published in ACS Sensors outlines the capabilities of a novel biosensor designed for the rapid detection of airborne avian influenza (H5N1) and Escherichia coli within a timeframe of under five minutes. This biosensor incorporates a specialized material that combines Prussian blue and graphene oxide on carbon electrodes, facilitating highly sensitive detection. The device is capable of identifying H5N1 at remarkably low concentrations, specifically as few as 56 viral RNA copies per milliliter, and detecting E. coli from as little as 5 bacterial cells per milliliter, achieving an accuracy rate exceeding 90%.

Vaccines against HPAI offer longer term protection of layer hens in field study

28.02.2025

A field trial conducted at Wageningen University & Research (the Netherlands) evaluated the effectiveness of bird flu vaccines. The two experimental bird flu vaccines under investigation in this field study provide long-term protection to layer hens but do not completely prevent mortality following infection. At the start of the trial in September 2023, 1,800 laying hens were vaccinated and housed on two commercial poultry farms. The study at these farms will continue until the third quarter of 2025. During the trial, a subset of vaccinated chickens will be transferred to WBVR for a transmission study on four separate occasions. The first of these studies was conducted eight weeks post-vaccination, demonstrating that the hens were fully protected against bird flu at that age. The second study took place at 24 weeks of age, a period during which egg production reaches its peak.

NCC Statement on Trump Administration’s Response to Avian Influenza

27.02.2025

The National Chicken Council released the following statement after USDA announced federal actions to combat Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI). Attributable to NCC President Harrison Kircher: “We applaud Secretary Rollins and the Trump administration for their desire and commitment to combat HPAI across all species – a common goal shared by U.S. broiler producers. Particularly, we appreciate the measured and science-based approach for the potential use of an effective and applicable vaccine for laying hens and turkeys.

Two Washington cats infected with bird flu

27.02.2025

The Washington State Department of Agriculture (WSDA) announced the detection of H5N1 in domestic cats from two households in King and Snohomish counties, both linked to a specific brand of raw commercial cat food associated with severe illness in cats in Oregon. One cat was euthanized due to the severity of the illness, while the other is currently receiving veterinary treatment. On Monday morning, February 24, the Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory (WADDL) reported presumptive positive results for both cats with highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI). WSDA received confirmatory results from the National Veterinary Services Laboratory (NVSL) on Tuesday, February 25.

Clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 neuraminidase has a long stalk

27.02.2025

mBio 2025

A newly published study in mBio investigates the characteristics of neuraminidase (NA) in clade 2.3.4.4b of the H5N1 avian influenza virus, highlighting the predominant presence of long-stalk variants. The study emphasizes that clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1 viruses, which have rapidly expanded globally since 2020, primarily express a long NA stalk, in contrast to the shorter stalks prevalent in earlier highly pathogenic strains. Neuraminidase long-stalk variants are associated with an enhanced potential for transmission among mammals. This structural feature facilitates viral interaction within the respiratory tract and mucosal surfaces, thereby promoting efficient spread. In contrast, truncated NA stalks have been linked to increased virulence in poultry but may compromise transmission efficiency in mammals, leading to reduced viral shedding and dissemination.

USDA: $1 Billion to combat bird flu

26.02.2025

The Trump administration is allocating up to $1 billion in new funding to mitigate the effects of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) and the resulting surge in egg prices. In an article published in The Wall Street Journal, USDA Secretary Brooke Rollins stated, “There is no silver bullet for eradicating avian flu.” She outlined a multi-faceted strategy to address the crisis, which includes: -Allocating up to $500 million to assist U.S. poultry producers in implementing advanced biosecurity measures. -Providing up to $400 million in financial relief to farmers whose flocks have been affected by avian influenza. -Exploring the use of vaccines and therapeutics for laying hens. Although vaccines alone are not a comprehensive solution, the USDA will invest up to $100 million in research and development to enhance their efficacy and efficiency. At present, the USDA has not authorized the use of vaccines against HPAI.

Elanco partners with Medgene to market bird flu vaccine for dairy cattle

25.02.2025

Elanco Animal Health announced the establishment of an agreement with Medgene, a South Dakota-based biotechnology company, to utilize its advanced vaccine platform technology (baculovirusderived recombinant subunit vaccine). Under this agreement, Elanco will oversee the commercialization of a highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) vaccine for use in dairy cattle. Medgene has reported that the vaccine has successfully met all requirements outlined by the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) for platform technology and is currently in the final stages of review for conditional licensure.

Avian influenza strikes Sandhill Cranes in Indiana

25.02.2025

Avian influenza has impacted Fish Lake, causing the deaths of hundreds of birds, including a significant number of sandhill cranes. Over the past few weeks, thousands of sandhill cranes have been migrating through the area. According to the Indiana Department of Natural Resources, nearly 1,500 sandhill cranes have succumbed to avian influenza across Green, Union, Jasper, La Porte, and Starke counties. Sandhill cranes migrate from their wintering grounds as far south as Florida to Michigan in February and early March.

Australia: fourth case of HPAI

25.02.2025

Avian influenza has been detected at a fourth poultry farm in Euroa, in northeastern Victoria. The farm contains about 90,000 chickens. This marks the fourth detection of the H7N8 strain in the area since February 8.

Senators urge USDA to act fast on bird flu

20.02.2025

A bipartisan group of senators, led by Sen. Chuck Grassley (R-Iowa), sent a letter urging Agriculture Secretary Brooke Rollins to strengthen the USDA’s response to the ongoing highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) outbreak, the largest animal health crisis in U.S. history. The outbreak has led to the depopulation of over 136 million birds and affected farm workers. The senators advocate for measures including vaccination strategies, an HPAI Strategic Initiative for prevention and response, and movement controls for animals at risk.

HPAI H5N1 infection in indoor cats from dairy worker homes

20.02.2025

MMWR | February 20, 2025 | Vol. 74 | No. 5

The article titled "Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza A(H5N1) Virus Infection of Indoor Domestic Cats Within Dairy Industry Worker Households — Michigan, May 2024" was published in the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) on February 20, 2025. This report elucidates a public health investigation into instances of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) A(H5N1) virus infection identified in two exclusively indoor domestic cats residing in households of dairy workers in Michigan.

Avian influenza outbreaks in Australia continue

20.02.2025

H7 avian influenza is confirmed at a third poultry property in northern Victoria. All infected properties are within the control area and under quarantine. Given the close proximity to existing infected properties, this new detection is not unexpected. Diagnostic tests confirmed a high pathogenicity strain of H7N8.

Canada buys avian flu vaccine for high-risk individuals

19.02.2025

The Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) has secured an initial supply of 500,000 doses of GSK’s human vaccine against avian influenza - Arepanrix™ H5N1 A/American wigeon clade 2.3.4.4b. This vaccine will be utilized as part of Canada’s contingency planning to safeguard individuals who may be at an increased risk of exposure to the virus through contact with infected animals. PHAC will distribute the vaccines to provinces and territories based on an equitable and risk-based approach, allocating 60% of the available doses to provincial and territorial governments and reserving 40% for a federal stockpile to ensure national preparedness.

U.S. conditionally approves Zoetis' avian flu vaccine

15.02.2025

Zoetis announced that the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) Center for Veterinary Biologics (CVB) has granted the company a conditional license for its Avian Influenza Vaccine, H5N2 Subtype, Killed Virus. This vaccine is approved for use in chickens. The conditional license was issued based on demonstrated safety, purity, and a reasonable expectation of efficacy supported by serology data.

Wyoming reports first human case of bird flu

15.02.2025

The Wyoming Department of Health has confirmed its first human case of H5N1 bird flu in the region, marking the third documented instance of hospitalization related to this infection in the United States. The patient, a woman with preexisting health conditions that increase susceptibility to illness, is currently hospitalized in Colorado.

Two cats euthanized after testing positive for bird flu

15.02.2025

Two house cats in Multnomah County, Oregon, living in separate households, were euthanized after testing positive for bird flu linked to their consumption of pet food made from raw chicken. The Oregon Department of Agriculture confirmed that both cats were eating the same type of pet food, called "Wild Coast Raw," produced by "Wild Coast Pet Foods."

H5N1 genotype D1.1 in a dairy cattle in Maricopa County

15.02.2025

The Arizona Department of Agriculture (AZDA), in collaboration with the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), has confirmed the first detection of H5N1 avian influenza in milk produced by a dairy herd in Maricopa County, Arizona. The dairy herd that tested positive for the D1.1 H5N1 genotype is currently under quarantine; however, the cattle are exhibiting no symptoms at this time.

CDC finds H5 bird flu antibodies in 3 vets working with cattle

14.02.2025

The US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports on recent avian influenza A (H5N1) infections in three veterinarians who work with cattle. A serosurvey was conducted among 150 U.S. bovine veterinary practitioners to investigate the prevalence of recent HPAI A(H5) infection. Three (2%) practitioners had antibodies to HPAI A(H5), suggesting recent infection, despite none reporting respiratory symptoms or conjunctivitis. The findings suggest potential HPAI A(H5) virus-infected dairy cattle in states without identified infections, highlighting the need for rapid identification through testing.

Lawmakers urge USDA against avian flu vaccination

14.02.2025

In a letter to the U.S. Secretary of Agriculture Mrs. Brooke Rollins Senators and Congress Members supports the no introduction of vaccines as a means of handling bird flu outbreaks. In the letter they specify that the major affected branch is the egg-type layers. "Since the start of the current outbreak in 2022, of the more than 150 million birds affected, more than 77 percent have been commercial egg-laying hens, 12 percent commercial turkeys, and eight percent commercial broilers, according to USDA." Moreover, they wrote "most US trading partners do not recognize countries that vaccinate as "free of HPAI" due to concerns that vaccines can mask the presence of the virus.

Lawmakers move to block USDA's 'Salmonella Rule'

14.02.2025

Representatives Tracey Mann and Steve Womack have introduced legislation to block the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s (USDA) proposed Salmonella rule. The USDA developed this framework in July to reduce Salmonella in raw poultry products. The rule would require final products to contain no more than 10 colony-forming units of Salmonella per gram, and any detectable serotype of public health concern would be barred from commerce. The National Chicken Council (NCC) supports the bill, arguing that the USDA’s proposal offers no public health benefits, is legally flawed, and would impose excessive costs.

Ohio reports first human case of bird flu

13.02.2025

The Ohio Department of Health is reporting the state’s first probable human case of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI). An adult male Mercer County farm worker who was in contact with deceased commercial poultry was infected with the virus.

The WHO and bird flu

13.02.2025

According to press reports, World Health Organization spokesman Christian Lindmeier stated that communication regarding bird flu has become challenging since U.S. President Donald Trump announced his withdrawal from the UN health agency.

Study evaluates HPAI vaccine efficacy in cattle

11.02.2025

Scientific Reports | (2025) 15:4637

A recent study published in Scientific Reports evaluated the immune response to an H5 avian influenza vaccine in calves and lactating cows. The research investigated the efficacy of an inactivated H5 avian influenza vaccine, focusing on the humoral immune response and the transfer of antibodies through milk. The highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus strain A/ibis/Egypt/RLQP-229 S/2022, belonging to clade 2.3.4.4b, was utilized as the antigen for assessing the vaccine's efficacy in the Hemagglutination Inhibition (HI) test. The vaccine was formulated as an oil-adjuvanted, inactivated preparation containing two different strains: the H5N6 strain Re13 (A/duck/Fujian/S1424/2020) from clade 2.3.4.4h and the H5N8 strain Re14 (A/whooper swan/Shanxi/4-1/2020) from clade 2.3.4.4b.

Nevada dairy worker tests positive for H5N1

09.02.2025

A dairy farm worker in Nevada has tested positive for H5N1, marking the first human infection identified in the state. The worker is exhibiting symptoms that include red, inflamed eyes, or conjunctivitis. The U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) is currently working to confirm the initial positive test result. There is concern regarding whether this case is associated with the documented H5N1 2.3.4.4b D1.1 strain and represents a human spillover from cattle.

What is known about the H5N1 virus identified in Nevada cattle?

09.02.2025

A report published by the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) of the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) details the characterization of viral sequences obtained from the milk of Nevada cows infected with the D1.1 genotype (HA clade 2.3.4.4b). The D1.1 viruses identified in dairy cattle in Nevada were found to be closely related to other D1.1 viruses recently detected in migratory wild birds across multiple North American flyways. Analysis of the hemagglutinin gene of the Nevada dairy cattle viruses did not reveal changes predicted to affect infectivity or adaptation to mammalian hosts. However, a mutation, PB2 D701N, commonly associated with the mammalian adaptation of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) viruses, was identified in viruses sequenced from four separate dairy cattle.

Australia: HPAI (H7N8) in Victoria

08.02.2025

Agriculture Victoria has confirmed the presence of avian influenza at a poultry property in northern Victoria. Diagnostic testing performed by Australian Centre for Disease Preparedness at Geelong confirmed high pathogenicity H7N8, which is different to the strain that impacted Victorian poultry farms during 2024. Although the 2024 New South Wales/Australian Capital Territory outbreak was also an H7N8 virus, the current laboratory has advised that the current Victorian outbreak is a different virus. The property has been placed under quarantine and a declared area is in place in the eastern two-thirds of the Strathbogie Shire to prevent movements that could spread the virus.

Cats may spread H5N1 to humans and vice versa

07.02.2025

The Washington Post reported that cats infected with bird flu may have spread the virus to humans in the same household and vice versa, based on data that appeared briefly online in a report from the CDC before disappearing. The data appear to have been mistakenly posted but includes crucial information about the risks of bird flu to people and pets. In one household, an infected cat may have transmitted the virus to another cat and a human teenager, according to data obtained by The New York Times. The cat succumbed to the illness four days after symptoms appeared. In a second household, the initial case involved an infected dairy farmworker, followed by a cat that became sick two days later and died on the third day.

Significant updates on avian influenza in the United States

07.02.2025

Seven cases of avian influenza have been confirmed in poultry at live markets located in the Bronx, Brooklyn, and Queens, leading to the temporary closure of all live poultry markets in New York City, as well as in Westchester, Nassau, and Suffolk counties. These closures will remain in effect until January 14. To mitigate the spread of the virus, infected flocks will be culled. Markets unaffected by the virus are required to sell off existing inventory and undergo comprehensive disinfection procedures before resuming operations. During the closure, no poultry deliveries will be permitted. The outbreak has had significant economic repercussions.

APHIS confirms D1.1 genotype in dairy cattle in Nevada

05.02.2025

On January 31, 2025, the USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) National Veterinary Services Laboratories (NVSL) confirmed by whole genome sequence the first detection of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 clade 2.3.4.4b, genotype D1.1 in dairy cattle. This confirmation was a result of State tracing and investigation, following an initial detection on silo testing under the USDA’s National Milk Testing Strategy (NMTS) in Nevada. This genotype has been associated with severe infections in humans. The D1.1 variant of the virus was linked to the first reported death in the U.S. related to avian influenza, as well as to a severe illness in Canada. A resident of Louisiana passed away in January after developing severe respiratory symptoms following contact with wild and backyard birds. In British Columbia, a teenage girl was hospitalized for several months due to a virus traced to poultry.

Erysipelas: An emerging threat to laying hens

03.02.2025

Av Dis | 2025

A new review article published in Avian Diseases examines Erysipelas, a bacterial disease caused by Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, which has re-emerged as a significant concern in laying hens. Although Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae has been known to affect poultry for over a century, it was historically considered more relevant to turkeys, with relatively few cases reported in chickens. However, recent years have seen an increase in reported cases, particularly in layers. The transition from conventional battery cages to litter-based systems, often with outdoor access, has been associated with a rise in outbreaks in Europe. This shift in housing practices correlates with the increasing incidence of Erysipelas.

UK farmers urge action on HPAI vaccination strategy

31.01.2025

According to a BBC publication, poultry farmers in the UK are appealing to the government to let them vaccinate their flocks against the "devastating" avian influenza virus spreading across the country. Vaccinating poultry against avian influenza is currently not allowed in the UK. The government says that strong biosecurity measures and culling are the most effective ways of fighting it. Overall levels of the virus have not yet reached the peak of recent years, but without a vaccine, it only a matter of time before the number of outbreaks will increase again. An avian influenza prevention zone enforcing strict hygiene standards around domesticated birds has been declared for England, Wales and Scotland amid a rising number of cases of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI).

Antibody prophylaxis shields Macaques from severe H5N1

31.01.2025

Kanekiyo et al., Science 387, 534–541 (2025)

Influenza virus pandemics and seasonal epidemics present significant threats to global health, resulting in numerous fatalities each year. The recurrent zoonotic spillovers of influenza viruses, which possess the potential for human pandemic transmission, underscore the urgent necessity for effective preventive measures. A study published in Science examines the application of the broadly neutralizing antibody (bnAb) MEDI8852 as a pre-exposure prophylaxis in cynomolgus macaques, with the objective of evaluating its efficacy in preventing severe disease caused by aerosolized highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 virus infection. The findings of this investigation demonstrate that pre-exposure prophylaxis with MEDI8852 provides substantial protection to cynomolgus macaques against severe respiratory disease following infection with the H5N1 virus.

Japan: Avian Influenza and Rising Egg Prices

31.01.2025

Recent outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza in Japan have severely impacted commercial layer flocks, leading to a sharp increase in egg prices. So far this season, 50 bird flu outbreaks have been confirmed at chicken farms across 14 prefectures, resulting in the culling of 9.27 million birds. The spread of this infectious disease has driven a significant spike in egg prices.

mRNA vaccine protects chickens from divergent H5N1 viruses

30.01.2025

Journal of Nanobiotechnology (2025) 23:55

The persistent threat of avian influenza virus (AIV), particularly the H5 subtype, poses substantial risks not only to avian species but also to human health. Traditional vaccination strategies, such as whole-virus inactivated vaccines, encounter numerous challenges, including reliance on chicken embryos for production and limited efficacy against rapidly mutating virus strains. In response to these challenges, a study published in the Journal of Nanobiotechnology by Chinese researchers investigates the development of a novel mRNA vaccine encapsulated in lipid nanoparticles (LNPs), with the aim of providing broad-spectrum immunity against the H5N1 virus. The research evaluates the vaccine's immunogenicity and protective efficacy in both murine and avian models, seeking to establish a new paradigm for avian influenza vaccination strategies.

Rose Acre Farms reports a bird flu outbreak at its Seymour facility

29.01.2025

An outbreak of avian influenza in a poultry flock in the United States may not initially seem like a significant news event. However, the situation becomes far more concerning when the affected farm houses 2.8 million layers from the nation’s second-largest producer. The culling of such a substantial number of birds will further worsen the ongoing table egg shortage and contribute to the sharp price increases that have been observed in the U.S. egg market in recent months.

The AHAW & ECDC opinion on avian influenza vaccination of animals

29.01.2025

The Scientific Opinion of the EFSA Panel on Animal Health and Animal Welfare (AHAW) and the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC) regarding the Vaccination of Animals Against Avian Influenza. Vaccination against Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) represents a valuable tool for preventing and controlling the spread of HPAI when integrated into a comprehensive strategy for disease prevention and management. Various vaccines targeting Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Viruses (HPAIVs) are currently available. Additionally, experimental efforts are underway in the United States to develop an avian influenza vaccine intended for use in cattle.

USA: Zoetis and BI receives import permit for TRT vaccine

28.01.2025

Zoetis Inc. announced that the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Center for Veterinary Biologics (CVB) has granted an import permit for a modified live vaccine, PoulvacTRT, to address an increasing demand within the poultry industry for the control of turkey rhinotracheitis (TRT), an upper respiratory tract disease caused by avian metapneumovirus (aMPV).The vaccine strain is a subtype A, K strain of turkey origin.

USA: First outbreak of H5N9 avian influenza in poultry

27.01.2025

The United States has confirmed its first outbreak of H5N9 avian influenza in poultry, specifically on a duck farm located in California. U.S. authorities also identified the more prevalent H5N1 strain at the same farm in Merced County, California. According to the report submitted to WOAH, nearly 119,000 birds on the farm were culled by December 2. This incident marks the first verified occurrence of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) H5N9 in poultry within the United States.

Human case of avian influenza detected in England

27.01.2025

The UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) has confirmed a case of influenza A(H5N1) in an individual located in the West Midlands region. The infection was acquired on a farm where the individual had close and prolonged contact with a substantial number of infected birds. Currently, the individual is in stable condition and has been admitted to a High Consequence Infectious Disease (HCID) unit. The avian population was found to be infected with the DI.2 genotype, which is one of the variants known to be circulating among birds in the UK during the current season.

Avian influenza H5N1: A growing Threat to global biodiversity

23.01.2025

nature reviews biodiversity | Volume 1 | January 2025 | 7–9

A review by Sergio A. Lambertucci, Andrea Santangeli, and Pablo I. Plazaon the threat of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5 to global biodiversity was published in Nature Reviews Biodiversity. The article addresses the emerging threat posed by the highly pathogenic avian influenza (H5N1) virus, which carries significant implications for global biodiversity. Since its initial detection in poultry and waterfowl, H5N1 has disseminated globally, resulting in severe outbreaks that have substantially diminished wildlife populations. The authors delineate the critical situation regarding H5N1, describing its rapid proliferation across continents and its devastating effects on various wildlife species. They underscore the urgent necessity for enhanced surveillance, early diagnosis, and international collaboration to mitigate the impacts of this virus on wildlife and ecosystems.

Massive culling of laying hens due to avian influenza

23.01.2025

Two commercial egg-laying flocks, each comprising over one million birds, are being culled due to an outbreak of avian influenza. One flock tested positive on January 21 in Newton, Missouri, while the second was confirmed today in Mercer County, Ohio. The first flock contains 1.175 million birds, and the second has 1.432 million birds. Given this situation, it is not surprising that egg prices are soaring. Furthermore, we must ask ourselves what measures the Veterinary Services in the United States are implementing in an effort to mitigate the spread of the virus that has significantly impacted the poultry and dairy industries since the beginning of 2022 and 2024, respectively?

Receptor binding and tissue tropism of cattle-infecting H5N1 influenza

23.01.2025

Cell 188, 1–11 | February 20, 2025

A recent study published in Cell elucidates the receptor-binding properties of the H5N1 avian influenza virus that infects cattle, revealing its potential risks to both animal and public health, particularly in light of recent cattle outbreaks. The article investigates the complex mechanisms through which the H5N1 avian influenza virus (AIV) interacts with host tissues, specifically in cattle. The study centers on the hemagglutinin (HA) protein, analyzing its receptor-binding characteristics, structural properties, and implications for cross-species transmission. Given the zoonotic potential of H5N1, a comprehensive understanding of these mechanisms is crucial for evaluating the associated risks to both animal and human populations. The research confirms that H5N1 hemagglutinin exhibits a strong binding affinity for sialic acid receptors present in cattle, indicating a significant risk for cross-species transmission. While the virus predominantly binds to avian-like α2-3 sialic acid

Bird flu in raw pet food kills or sickens cats, FDA says

22.01.2025

Avian influenza (H5N1) has transitioned from avian hosts to domestic felines, with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) confirming that 13 domestic cats across eight households, one exotic cat from a separate household, and an unspecified number of animals at two large feline sanctuaries in the United States have either fallen ill or succumbed to the virus. These cases have been documented in California, Colorado, Oregon, and Washington State.

Impact of poultry vaccination on H5 avian influenza transmission and evolution

22.01.2025

Li et al., Sci. Adv. 11 | 22 January 2025

A study published in Scientific Advances examines the impact of mass vaccination of poultry against H5 subtypes of avian influenza virus (AIV) on the spread of the virus, with an acknowledgment that such vaccination might also accelerate viral evolution. This research explores the dynamics of AIV lineages among both vaccinated and unvaccinated poultry, as well as wild birds, from 1996 to 2023. The findings indicate that vaccination in poultry influences transmission dynamics, with unvaccinated poultry exhibiting greater susceptibility to infections from wild birds. This observation suggests that vaccination may serve as a barrier to viral spread. The analysis reveals a shift from a lineage that circulated among Chinese poultry to one that is now prevalent among wild birds. The lineage from wild birds has been frequently transmitted to unvaccinated European poultry, whereas the spillover from wild birds to vaccinated poultry appears to be hindered.

Long Island duck farm hit with avian influenza

22.01.2025

A Long Island farm is set to euthanize more than 100,000 ducks following a bird flu outbreak at the eastern New York facility. The affected farm is Crescent Duck Farm, located in Aquebogue, New York, and is a family-owned operation. Crescent Duck Farm is the largest commercial duck farm in Suffolk County and one of the last remaining commercial duck farms on Long Island, an area historically known for its extensive duck farming industry.

Bird flu continues to affect multiple countries

20.01.2025

United States: The avian influenza virus has been identified for the first time in a commercial poultry flock in Georgia amidst a nationwide outbreak. This marks the first incidence of the virus affecting a poultry producer in Georgia since the nationwide outbreak in 2022, despite prior detections of the virus in the state occurring exclusively within backyard flocks. Japan: A total of approximately 1.44 million birds are slated for culling across seven farms due to the continued emergence of avian influenza cases in Japan.

APHIS tightens turkey surveillance

20.01.2025

by Prof. Simon Shane

As part of its ongoing, multi-faceted efforts to combat the spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), USDA’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) is updating its policy for pre-slaughter surveillance to enhance testing of turkey flocks in affected states. In late December 2024, APHIS became aware of a genetic link between turkeys potentially infected with HPAI H5N1, virus detected in raw pet food, and an infected household cat. Out of an abundance of caution, and to remove a potential avenue for ongoing disease spread as well as to bolster consumer and trading partner confidence, APHIS collaborated with state animal health officials and the poultry industry to update its guidance for existing pre-slaughter surveillance steps to further ensure that affected poultry does not enter the food system.

Burying poultry carcasses on-farm: Insights from an avian influenza crisis in France

19.01.2025

Poultry Science 104 (2025)

A study examining the disposal of poultry carcasses during avian influenza outbreaks in France was published in Poultry Science. This research underscores the significance of effective disposal methods, particularly on-farm burial, to ensure both disease control (avian influenza) and environmental protection. The investigation was conducted during a substantial epizootic in France, where rapid and effective disposal methods were critical for controlling the spread of avian influenza. The research encompassed five study sites where poultry carcasses were buried during the avian influenza crisis. The study evaluated various factors, including the persistence of avian influenza virus (AIV) RNA in the burial sites, the microbiological safety of the surrounding environment, and the physical changes in the burial pits over time.

mRNA Vaccine Against H5N1 Protects Ferrets

19.01.2025

by Prof. Simon Shane

A recent paper reported on development of an mRNA vaccine that protected ferrets against clade 2.3.4.4b H5N1. Challenge viruses were derived from a 2022 avian outbreak and a 2024 human case respectively. Unvaccinated controlled ferrets all died following challenge. Vaccination reduced propagation of virus in both the upper and lower respiratory tracts of infected ferrets. This is important in limiting contagion with respect to a potentially zoonotic strain impacting human populations. The potential of an effective mRNA against H5N1 to reduce the intensity of a pandemic strain of H5N1 is self-evident.

Pet food makers must address H5N1 in safety plans

18.01.2025

As the FDA continues to track cases of H5N1 in domestic and wild cats in California, Colorado, Oregon, and Washington State linked to the consumption of contaminated food products, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has determined that manufacturers of cat and dog foods covered by the FDA Food Safety Modernization Act Preventive Controls for Animal Food (PCAF) rule must reanalyze their food safety plans. This reanalysis is necessary when using uncooked or unpasteurized materials derived from poultry or cattle (e.g., raw meat, unpasteurized milk, or unpasteurized eggs) to address Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza virus (specifically H5N1) as a known or reasonably foreseeable hazard.

Italy: A cat in Bologna tests positive for avian influenza

18.01.2025

In Valsamoggia (Bologna), a case of avian influenza was identified in a domestic cat. The feline resided in close proximity to poultry on a small family farm where the avian infection had previously been detected, resulting in the mandated culling of all poultry on the premises.

HHS grants $590M for mRNA flu vaccine development

18.01.2025

The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) will provide approximately $590 million to Moderna to accelerate the development of mRNA-based pandemic influenza vaccines and enhance mRNA platform capabilities so that the U.S. is better prepared to respond to other emerging infectious diseases. This funding allows Moderna to accelerate development of an H5N1 mRNA influenza vaccine that is well matched to strains currently circulating in cows and birds and expands the clinical data supporting the use of mRNA vaccines that may be needed if other influenza strains emerge with pandemic potential.

Campylobacteriosis rates in the UK: Expert analysis

17.01.2025

Campylobacter is recognized as the primary bacterial agent responsible for foodborne illnesses in the United Kingdom. The majority of cases are predominantly linked to poultry, particularly chicken. In response to this public health concern, the Food Standards Agency (FSA) initiated a Campylobacter reduction program in 2010 aimed at decreasing the levels of Campylobacter contamination in poultry. Through collaborative efforts with the industry, the FSA successfully reduced the proportion of chickens with high levels of Campylobacter contamination (exceeding 1,000 cfu/g) available for retail from 19% in 2014 to 5% in 2017. Recent data suggest that these improvements have been sustained. However, it is noteworthy that the incidence of human cases has remained stable at approximately 100 per 100,000 population.

HPAI confirmed in commercial poultry flock in Georgia

17.01.2025

The Georgia Department of Agriculture and the United States Department of Agriculture’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service confirmed a positive case of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) in a commercial poultry operation located in Elbert County, Georgia. This is the first confirmed HPAI case in a commercial poultry operation in Georgia, and the fifth detection in the state of Georgia.

Pathogenesis of bovine-derived H5N1 infection in Cynomolgus Macaques

16.01.2025

Nature | 2025

A recent study published in Nature examined the infection dynamics and pathological outcomes associated with the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus, specifically the clade 2.3.4.4b strain, in Macaca fascicularis (cynomolgus macaques). The investigation revealed that the route of viral inoculation significantly influenced disease severity. Intranasal and intratracheal inoculation resulted in systemic viral dissemination and varying degrees of respiratory pathology, whereas orogastric inoculation predominantly caused localized infection with minimal clinical manifestations.

Bird flu confirmed in LA County cat deaths linked to raw pet food, milk

15.01.2025

Five indoor-only cats in one household experienced acute onset of illness after consuming two brands of commercially available raw pet food. Four of the cats had severe clinical signs and two of them died. One cat had mild clinical signs. One of the severely affected cats was tested and later confirmed to be infected with H5N1. Both raw pet food diets were tested, and one of the two raw pet foods, Monarch Raw Pet Food, was confirmed to contain live, infective, H5N1 virus. In a second single-cat household, the indoor-only cat had acute onset of illness after consuming three different brands of commercially available raw pet food. This cat was tested and confirmed to be infected with H5 bird flu.

Norway obtains option for 11 Million H5N1 vaccine doses

12.01.2025

The Norwegian Institute of Public Health is enhancing its preparedness for avian influenza by securing an option for 11 million vaccines doses in the event of a pandemic. The agreement with two suppliers involves the production of vaccines that will be prioritized if a new influenza virus emerges and triggers a pandemic, ensuring two doses for every individual in Norway. The initial doses are expected to be delivered four to six months after the World Health Organization declares a new pandemic. The pharmaceutical companies GSK and Seqirus will supply vaccines to Norway.

H5N5 in a cat in Iceland

09.01.2025

In December, we reported an outbreak of H5N5 avian influenza in Iceland. The virus has been classified as H5N5 and has been sporadically reported for approximately two years in Canada and Europe. A study published in the esteemed journal Cell details several introductions of the virus from Europe to North America through transatlantic migration and subsequent spillover to mammals .

U.S. revives avian influenza vaccine plan

09.01.2025

The United States is renewing its bird flu vaccine strategy as the virus continues to severely impact poultry and dairy industries, causing the deaths of over 130 million birds and leading to human infections. The USDA remains cautious about widespread vaccine use due to potential trade complications.

Adaptation of H5N1 virus to dairy cattle and other mammals

08.01.2025

bioRxiv preprint | January 6, 2025

ANP32 proteins (Acidic Nuclear Phosphoprotein 32) are a family of evolutionarily conserved proteins involved in various cellular processes, including gene regulation, apoptosis, and chromatin remodeling. ANP32 proteins have also been implicated in supporting influenza virus replication. The human acidic nuclear phosphoproteins ANP32A and ANP32B are functionally redundant but essential host factors for the replication of mammalian-adapted influenza A virus (IAV) and influenza B virus (IBV) in human cells. When both proteins are absent, influenza polymerases fail to replicate the viral genome, preventing the propagation of infectious virus particles.

Avian influenza surveillance in vaccinated flocks

08.01.2025

Emerg Infect Dis. 2025;31(1):115-122.

Detecting silent virus circulation is a major challenge in vaccinated flocks, as vaccination markedly reduces mortality and clinical symptoms, which are traditionally used to identify the presence of the virus. Consequently, monitoring vaccinated flocks to control the spread of the virus is a complex issue. A study published in the international journal Emerging Infectious Diseases (EID) by scientists from Toulouse, affiliated with UMR IHAP (INRAE/ENVT), demonstrates that enhanced event-based surveillance, utilizing weekly samples from deceased ducks, is the most effective strategy for the rapid detection of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus in duck farms vaccinated against HPAI.

First U.S. H5N1-related human death

07.01.2025

The Louisiana Department of Health reports the patient who had been hospitalized with the first human case of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI), or H5N1, in Louisiana and the U.S. has died. The patient was over the age of 65 and was reported to have underlying medical conditions. The patient contracted H5N1 after exposure to a combination of a non-commercial backyard flock and wild birds.

The severe case of H5N1 in Canada: more details

02.01.2025

the New England Journal of Medicine | December 31, 2024

A new publication in The New England Journal of Medicine (NEJM) reports a case of critical illness caused by influenza A(H5N1) virus infection in a 13-year-old girl from British Columbia. She initially presented with conjunctivitis and fever and was discharged without treatment but later returned with respiratory distress and other severe symptoms. Upon readmission, she was found to have a high viral load of influenza A, which necessitated her transfer to the pediatric intensive care unit. Despite treatment with oseltamivir and other antiviral medications, her condition worsened, requiring tracheal intubation and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO).

HPAI A(H5N1) virus infections in humans

02.01.2025

the New England Journal of Medicine | December 31, 2024

A new publication in the New England Journal of Medicine examines the emergence and impact of highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) virus infections in humans and livestock in the United States, particularly from March to October 2024. During this period, 46 human cases were reported, primarily linked to occupational exposure to infected poultry and dairy cows. Most cases were mild, with symptoms such as conjunctivitis and respiratory issues, and none required hospitalization or resulted in death. The study highlights the importance of monitoring and preventive measures to address the risk of animal-to-human transmission. The A(H5N1) infections in humans were predominantly mild, with no severe illnesses or fatalities reported among the 46 cases. Most patients experienced conjunctivitis and other mild symptoms. All but one case was associated with occupational exposure to infected animals, highlighting the risks faced by agricultural workers. Importantly, no evidence of human-to-

Evolution of H5 and H7 HPAI virus cleavage site

01.01.2025

A recent review examines the molecular evolution of highly pathogenic viruses, focusing on their natural history, biology, and the critical role of the haemagglutinin cleavage site motif. The review offers a comprehensive analysis of the haemagglutinin cleavage site (HACS) motif in H5 and H7 avian influenza viruses (AIVs) and its implications for pathogenicity. It discusses the structural characteristics of the HACS motif, its function in the cleavage of the haemagglutinin protein, and the evolutionary dynamics that influence the emergence of highly pathogenic strains. The composition of the HACS motif, particularly the number of basic amino acids, is a primary determinant of the pathogenicity of H5 and H7 AIVs. Highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses (HPAIVs) typically possess multiple basic residues, allowing for cleavage by a broader range of host proteases, which facilitates systemic infection.

Strategic challenges in the global control of HPAI

01.01.2025

A recent scholarly review entitled "Strategic challenges in the global control of high pathogenicity avian influenza" presents a comprehensive analysis of HPAI management strategies. This authoritative publication, authored by leading experts in the field, examines the worldwide proliferation of the H5Nx lineage since 2005 and its consequent implications. The review addresses several critical aspects of HPAI control, including the documented ecological and epidemiological mutations of these viruses, their substantial impact on both wild and domesticated avian populations, and the associated risks of human transmission. Regarding prophylactic measures, the research presents substantial evidence supporting vaccination as an effective preventive intervention.

APHIS updates indemnity program for avian influenza

01.01.2025

The U.S. Department of Agriculture’s Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) is introducing an interim final rule aimed at curbing the spread of Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza (HPAI) and providing farmers with additional tools to manage the disease. Under the new rule, poultry facilities must complete a biosecurity audit before restocking their flocks following an HPAI detection and before becoming eligible for future indemnity payments. While APHIS, in collaboration with state and federal veterinary officials and industry partners, has worked extensively to address biosecurity challenges, some poultry farms continue to face difficulties, with some experiencing multiple outbreaks.